International Pacific Research Center | People

Axel Timmermann

Distinguished Professor, ICCP/PNU, Korea
Professor of Oceanography, SOEST/UH
[Past Staff]

International Pacific Research Center
School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology
University of Hawaii
Honolulu, Hawaii 96822

Email:

Education

1999 - Ph.D. (Meteorology), Max Planck Institute of Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Thesis: Modes of climate variability as simulated by a coupled general circulation model
1995 - Diploma Physics, University of Marburg, Germany
Thesis: Photon-interferometry of the quark-gluon plasma (in German)
1992 - B.Sc. (Physics), University of Marburg, Germany

Research Interests

ENSO dynamics
Abrupt Climate Change
Dynamics of Thermohaline Circulation
Decadal climate predictability
Dynamical Systems’ Theory
Glacial Dynamics
Reconstructing climate change in Hawaii
Lake Kauhako

Professional Experience

Distinguished Professor, IBS Center for Climate Physics (ICCP), Pusan National University, Korea, January 2017-present
Full Professor, Department of Oceanography, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii, August 2009-2016
Associate Professor, Department of Oceanography, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii, August 2004-July 2009
Principal Investigator, DFG Research Group: "Centennial and Millennial Climate Variability", Institut fuer Meerskunde, Universitaet Kiel, Germany, since April 2001
Postdoctoral Fellow, Visiting Assistant Researcher, International Pacific Research Center (IPRC), SOEST, University of Hawaii, USA, October 2000-March 2001
Postdoctoral Fellow, Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute, Predictability of Weather and Climate (research division), Netherlands, October 1998-September 2000

Further Professional Experience

CLIVAR workshop on "Western Tropical Pacific: Hatchery for ENSO and Global Teleconnections", Guangzhou, November 26-28, 2007
Organizer of the WCRP/CLIVAR Workshop on Multidecadal to Centennial Global Climate Variability, November 15th-17th, 2006
Chair of the International CLIVAR Pacific Panel, since January 2005
Visiting Scientist, Leibniz Institut fuer Meereswissenschaften, IfM-GEOMAR, August, 2005
Member of the Air-Sea Interaction Committee of the AMS, since December 2004
Co-Chair, SPIE's international Asia-Pacific Symposium on remote sensing of the atmosphere, ocean, environment and space, Hanzhou, China, 2002
Visiting Scientist, Department of Meteorology, University of Hawai'i, USA, 2001/2002
Secretary, Nonlinear Processes section of the European Geophysical Society, 2000-present
Organizer, International Workshop on Dynamical System Concepts in Climate Dynamics , De Bilt, Netherlands, 2000
Co-author, Greenpeace report on coral bleaching, 2000
Visiting Scientist, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California, USA, 2000
Co-author, IPCC Third Assessment Report, Chapter 2,7,9, 1999
Lecturer, KNMI. Lecture series on Stochastic climate models, 1999
Delegate, German Climate Expert Group, Jakarta, 1997
Oceanographic research cruise ARC XII to the Arctic ocean, 1996
Teaching assistant, University of Marburg, Germany. Subjects: cosmology and particle physics,
1994-1995

Journal Reviews

Advances in Geophysics, Climate Change, Climate Dynamics, Climate of the Past, Geophysical Research Letters, Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, Journal of Climate, Journal of Geophys. Research, Nature, NOAA/CLIVAR proposals, NSF, NWO/NERC proposals, Ocean Modeling, Paleoceanography, and Science

Awards and Honors

2006, Rosenstiel Award for Outstanding Achievement and Distinction in Oceanographic Science, University of Miami Rosenstiel School of Marine & Atmospheric Science, Florida
1995, Heraeus Prize, Marburg, Germany

Refereed Publications

Ham, Y.-G., J.-H. Kim, S.-K. Min, D. Kim, T. Li, A. Timmermann, and M.F. Stuecker, in press: Anthropogenic fingerprints in daily precipitation revealed by deep learning. Nature, IPRC-1602.

2024

Richards, K.J., and A. Timmermann, 2024: Dispersal and interbreeding as survival strategies for species exposed to environment change. J. Theoretical Biology, 585, 111797, doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2024.111797. IPRC-1618.

2023

Jiang, F., W. Zhang, F.-F. Jin, M.F. Stuecker, A. Timmermann, M. J. McPhaden, J. Boucharel, and A. T. Wittenberg, 2023: Resolving the Tropical Pacific/Atlantic Interaction Conundrum. Geophys. Res. Lett., 50 (13), e2023GL103777, doi:10.1029/2023GL103777. IPRC-1601.
Kim, J.-E., R. Yamaguchi, K. B. Rodgers, A. Timmermann, S.-S. Lee, K. Stein, G. Danabasoglu, J.-F. Lamarque, J. T. Fasullo, C. Deser, N. Rosenbloom, J. Edwards, and M.F. Stuecker, 2023: Interannual fires as a source for subarctic summer decadal climate variability mediated by permafrost thawing. npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 6, 84, doi:10.1038/s41612-023-00415-1. IPRC-1599.
Yamaguchi, R., J.-E. Kim, K. B. Rodgers, K. Stein, A. Timmermann, S.-S. Lee, L. Huang, M.F. Stuecker, J. T. Fasullo, G. Danabasoglu, C. Deser, J.-F. Lamarque, N. A. Rosenbloom, and J. Edwards, 2023: Persistent ocean anomalies as a response to Northern Hemisphere heating induced by biomass burning variability. J. Climate, 36 (23), 8225-8241, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-23-0090.1. IPRC-1610.

2022

Chung, E.-S., J.-S. Kim, A. Timmermann, K.-J. Ha, S.-K. Lee, M.F. Stuecker, K. B. Rodgers, S.-S. Lee, and L. Huang, 2022: Antarctic sea ice expansion and Southern Ocean cooling linked to tropical variability Nature Climate Change, 12, 461-468, doi:10.1038/s41558-022-01339-z. IPRC-1559.
Shin, N.-Y., J.-S. Kug, M.F. Stuecker, F.-F. Jin, A. Timmermann, and G.-I. Kim, 2022: More Frequent Central Pacific El Nino and Stronger Eastern Pacific El Nino in a Warmer Climate. npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, 5 (101), doi:10.1038/s41612-022-00324-9. IPRC-1590.

2021

Rodgers, K. B., S.-S. Lee, N. Rosenbloom, A. Timmermann, G. Danabasoglu, C. Deser, J. Edwards, J.-E. Kim, I. Simpson, K. Stein, M.F. Stuecker, R. Yamaguchi, T. Bodai, E.-S. Chung, L. Huang, W. M. Kim, J.-F. Lamarque, D. L. Lombardozzi, W. R. Wieder, and S. G. Yeager, 2021: Ubiquity of human-induced changes in climate variability. Earth System Dynamics, 12, 1393-1411, doi:10.5194/esd-12-1393-2021. IPRC-1540.

2016

Chikamoto, M.O., A. Timmermann, M. Yoshimori, F. Lehner, A. Laurian, A. Abe-Ouchi, A. Mouchet, F. Joos, C.C. Raible, and K.M. Cobb, 2016: Intensification of tropical Pacific biological productivity due to volcanic eruptions. Geophys. Res. Lett., 43 (3), 1184-1192, doi:10.1002/2015GL067359. IPRC-1171.
Friedrich, T., A. Timmermann, M. Tigchelaar, O. Elison Timm, and A. Ganopolski, 2016: Nonlinear climate sensitivity and its implications for future Greenhouse Warming. Sci. Adv. 2, 2 (11), e1501923, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1501923. IPRC-1198.
Hauri, C., T. Friedrich, and A. Timmermann, 2016: Abrupt onset and prolongation of aragonite undersaturation events in the Southern Ocean. Nature Climate Change, 2, 172-176, doi:10.1038/nclimate2844. IPRC-1152.
Stockhecke, M., A. Timmermann, R. Kipfer, G.H. Haug, O. Kwiecien, T. Friedrich, L. Menviel, T. Litt, N. Pickarski, and F.S. Anselmetti, 2016: Millennial to orbital-scale variations of drought intensity in the Eastern Mediterranean. Quaternary Science Reviews, 133 (1), 77-95, doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.12.016. IPRC-1214.
Stuecker, M.F., F.-F. Jin, A. Timmermann, and S. McGregor, 2016: Reply to "Comments on Combination Mode Dynamics of the Anomalous Northwest Pacific Anticyclone." J. Climate, 29 (12), 4695-4706, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0558.1. IPRC-1181.
Tigchelaar, M., and A. Timmermann, 2016: Mechanisms rectifying the annual mean response of tropical Atlantic rainfall to precessional forcing . Clim. Dyn., 47 (1), 271-293, doi:10.1007/s00382-015-2835-3. IPRC-1157.
Timmermann, A., and T. Friedrich, 2016: Late Pleistocene climate drivers of early human migration. Nature, 538, 92-95, doi:10.1038/nature19365. IPRC-1215.
Weldeab, S., T. Friedrich, A. Timmermann, and R. Schneider, 2016: Strong middepth warming and weak radiocarbon imprints in the equatorial Atlantic during Heinrich 1 and Younger Dryas. Paleoceanography, 31 (8), 1070-1082, doi:10.1002/2016PA002957. IPRC-1204.

2015

Chikamoto, Y., A. Timmermann, J.-J. Luo, T. Mochizuki, M. Kimoto, M. Watanabe, M. Ishii, S.-P. Xie, and F.-F. Jin, 2015: Skillful multi-year predictions of tropical trans-basin climate variability. Nat. Commun., 6, 6869, doi:10.1038/ncomms7869. IPRC-1102.
Gottschalk, J., L.C. Skinner, S. Misra, C. Waelbroeck, L. Menviel, and A. Timmermann, 2015: Abrupt changes in the southern extent of North Atlantic Deep Water during Dansgaard-Oeschger events. Nature Geoscience, 8, 950-954, doi:10.1038/ngeo2558. IPRC-1131.
McPhaden, M.J., A. Timmermann, M.J. Widlansky, M.A. Balmaseda, and T.N. Stockdale, 2015: The Curious Case of the El Niño That Never Happened:A perspective from 40 years of progress in climate research and forecasting. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 96 (10), 1647-1665, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00089.1. IPRC-1084.
Stevenson, S., A. Timmermann, Y. Chikamoto, S. Langford, and P.N. DiNezio, 2015: Stochastically Generated North American Megadroughts J. Climate, 28 (5), 1865-1880, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00689.1. IPRC-1093.
Stuecker, M.F., A. Timmermann, J. Yoon, and F.-F. Jin, 2015: Tropospheric Biennial Oscillation (TBO) indistinguishable from white noise. Geophys. Res. Lett., 42 (18), 7785-7791, doi:10.1002/2015GL065878. IPRC-1149.
Stuecker, M.F., F.-F. Jin, A. Timmermann, and S. McGregor, 2015: Combination Mode Dynamics of the anomalous North-West Pacific Anticyclone. J. Climate, 28 (3), 1093-1111, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00225.1. IPRC-1082.
Stuecker, M.F., F.-F. Jin, and A. Timmermann, 2015: El Niño-Southern Oscillation Frequency Cascade. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112 (44), 13490-13495, doi:10.1073/pnas.1508622112. IPRC-1154.
Widlansky, M.J., A. Timmermann, and W. Cai, 2015: Future extreme sea level seesaws in the tropical Pacific. Science Advances, 1 (8), e1500560, doi:10.1126/sciadv.1500560. IPRC-1128.

2014

Dubois, N., M. Kienast, S.S. Kienast, and A. Timmermann, 2014: Millennial-scale Atlantic/East Pacific sea surface temperature linkages during the last 100,000 years. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 396, 134-142, doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.04.008. IPRC-1053.
Friedrich, T., A. Timmermann, T. Stichel, and K. Pahnke, 2014: Ocean circulation reconstructions from ε_Nd: A model-based feasibility study. Paleoceanography, 29 (11), 1003-1023, doi:10.1002/2014PA002658. IPRC-1080.
Heinemann, M., A. Timmermann, O. Elison Timm, F. Saito, and A. Abe-Ouchi, 2014: Deglacial ice-sheet meltdown: orbital pacemaking and CO₂ effects. Climate of the Past, 10, 509-532, doi:10.5194/cpd-10-509-2014. IPRC-1045.
McGregor, S., A. Timmermann, M.F. Stuecker, M.H. England, M. Merrifield, F.-F. Jin, and Y. Chikamoto, 2014: Recent Walker circulation strengthening and Pacific cooling amplified by Atlantic warming. Nature Climate Change, 4, 888-892, doi:10.1038/nclimate2330. IPRC-1103.
Menviel, L., A. Timmermann, T. Friedrich, and M.H. England, 2014: Hindcasting the continuum of Dansgaard–Oeschger variability: mechanisms, patterns and timing. Clim. Past, 10, 63-77, doi:10.5194/cp-10-63-2014. IPRC-1067.
Schloesser, F., R. Furue, J.P. McCreary, and A. Timmermann, 2014: Dynamics of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Part 2: Forcing by winds and buoyancy. Progress in Oceanography, 120, 154-176, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2013.08.007. IPRC-1007.
Stein, K., A. Timmermann, N. Schneider, F.-F. Jin, and M. Stuecker, 2014: ENSO seasonal synchronization theory. J. Climate, 27 (14), 5285-5310, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00525.1. IPRC-1051.
Timmermann, A., T. Friedrich, O. Elison Timm, M.O. Chikamoto, A. Abe-Ouchi, and A. Ganopolski, 2014: Modeling Obliquity and CO₂ Effects on Southern Hemisphere Climate during the Past 408 ka. J. Climate, 27 (5), 1863-1875, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00311.1. IPRC-1025.
Weber, M.E., P.U. Clark, G. Kuhn, A. Timmermann, D. Sprenk, R. Gladstone, X. Zhang, G. Lohmann, L. Menviel, M.O. Chikamoto, T. Friedrich, and C. Ohlwein, 2014: Millennial-scale variability in Antarctic ice-sheet discharge during the last deglaciation. Nature, 510 (7503), 134-138, doi:10.1038/nature13397. IPRC-1054.
Widlansky, M.J., A. Timmermann, S. McGregor, M.F. Stuecker, and W. Cai, 2014: An interhemispheric tropical sea level seesaw due to El Niño Taimasa. J. Climate, 27 (3), 1070-1081, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00276.1. IPRC-1018.

2013

Boucharel, J., A. Timmermann, and F.-F. Jin, 2013: Zonal phase propagation of ENSO sea surface temperature anomalies: Revisited. Geophys. Res. Lett., 40 (15), 4048-4053, doi:10.1002/grl.50685. IPRC-989.
Deplazes, G., A. Lückge, L.C. Peterson, A. Timmermann, Y. Hamann, K.A. Hughen, U. Röhl, C. Laj, M.A. Cane, D.M. Sigman, and G.H. Haug, 2013: Links between tropical rainfall and North Atlantic climate during the last glacial period. Nature Geoscience, 6, 213-217, doi:10.1038/ngeo1712. IPRC-951.
Kienast, S.S., T. Friedrich, N. Dubois, P.S. Hill, and A. Timmermann, 2013: Near-collapse of the meridional SST gradient in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific during the Heinrich Stadial 1. Paleoceanography, 28 (4), 663-674, doi:10.1002/2013PA002499. IPRC-1002.
Ritz, S.P., T.F. Stocker, J.O. Grimalt, L. Menviel, and A. Timmermann, 2013: Estimated strength of the Atlantic overturning circulation during the last deglaciation. Nature Geoscience, 6, 208-212, doi:10.1038/NGEO1723. IPRC-950.
Stuecker, M.F., A. Timmermann, F.-F. Jin, S. McGregor, and H.-L. Ren, 2013: A combination mode of the annual cycle and the El Niño/Southern Oscillation Nature Geoscience, 6, 540-544, doi:10.1038/ngeo1826. IPRC-956.

2011

Chikamoto, M.O., A. Abe-Ouchi, A. Oka, R. Ohgaito, and A. Timmermann, 2011: Quantifying the ocean's role in glacial CO2 reductions. Climate of the Past, 8, 545-563.
Friedrich, T., A. Timmermann, T. Decloedt, D. Luther, and A. Mouchet, 2011: The effect of topography-enhanced diapycnal mixing on ocean and atmospheric circulation and marine biogeochemistry. Ocean Modelling, 39, 262-274.
Heinemann, M., A. Timmermann, and U. Feudel, 2011: Interactions between marine biota and ENSO: A conceptual model analysis. Nonlin. Processes Geophys., 18, 29-40.
McGregor, S., and A. Timmermann, 2011: The effect of explosive tropical volcanism on ENSO. J. Climate, 24, 2178-2191. doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI3990.1.
Menviel, L., A. Timmermann, O. Elison Timm, and A. Mouchet, 2011: Deconstructing the Last Glacial Termination: The role of millennial and orbital-scale forcings. Quaternary Science Reviews, 30, 1155-1172.
Menviel, L., A. Timmermann, O. Elison Timm, A. Mouchet, A. Abe-Ouchi, M.O. Chikamoto, N. Harada, R. Ohgaito and Y. Okazaki, 2011: Removing the North Pacific halocline: Effects on global climate, ocean circulation and the carbon cycle. Deep Sea Res. II, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2011.03.005.
Stein, K., A. Timmermann, and N. Schneider, 2011: Phase synchronization of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation with the annual cycle. Phys. Rev. Lett., 107 (12), doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.128501.
Stott, L., and A. Timmermann, 2011: Hypothesized Link between Glacial/Interglacial Atmospheric CO2 Cycles and Storage/Release of CO2-Rich Fluids from the Deep Sea. AGU Geophysical monograph series, 193, 123-138.
Winter, A., T. Miller, Y. Kushnir, A. Sinha, A. Timmermann, M.R. Jury, C. Gakkup, H. Cheng, and R.L. Edwards, 2011: Evidence for 800 years of North Atlantic multi-decadal variability from a Puerto Rican speleothem. Earth and Planetary Science letters, 308, 23-28.
Wolff, C., G.H. Haug, A. Timmermann, et al., 2011: Reduced inter-annual rainfall variability in East Africa during the last ice age. Science, 333, 743-747.

2010

An, S.-I., Y.-G. Ham, J.S. Kug, A. Timmermann, J. Choi, and I.-S. Kang, 2010: The inverse effect of annual-mean state and annual-cycle changes on ENSO. J. Climate, 23 (5),1095-1110.
Friedrich, T., A. Timmermann, L. Menviel, O. Elison Timm, A. Mouchet, and D.M. Roche: The mechanism behind internally generated centennial-to-millennial scale climate variability in an earth system model of intermediate complexity. Geoscientific Model Development, 116, D04109.
McLeod, E., R. Moffitt, A. Timmermann, R. Salm, L. Menviel, M. Palmer, E. Selig, K.S. Casey, and J. Bruno, 2010: Warming Seas in the Coral Triangle: Coral Reef Vulnerability and Management Implications. Coastal Management, 38, DOI: 10.1080/08920753.2010.509466.
Menviel, L., A. Timmermann, O. Elison Timm, and A. Mouchet, 2010: Climate and biogeochemical response to a rapid melting of the West-Antarctic Ice Sheet during interglacials and implications for future climate. Paleoceanography, 25, PA4231, doi:10.1029/2009PA001892.
Okazaki, Y., A. Timmermann, L. Menviel, N. Harada, A. Abe-Ouchi, M. O. Chikamoto, A. Mouchet, and H. Asahi, 2010: Deep Water Formation in the North Pacific During the Last Glacial Termination. Science, 329 (5988), 200-204.
Stein, K., N. Schneider, A. Timmermann, and F.-F. Jin, 2010: Seasonal synchronization of ENSO events in a linear stochastic model. J. Climate, 23, 5629-5643. doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI3292.1.
Steph, S., R. Tiedemann, M. Prange, J. Groeneveld, M. Schulz, A. Timmerman, D. Nuernberg, C. Saukel, and G.H. Haug, 2010: Early Pliocene increases in thermohaline overturning: A precondition for the development of the modern equatorial Pacific cold tongue. Paleoceanography, 25, PA2202, doi:10.1029/2008PA001645.
Timm, O., P. Koehler, A. Timmermann, and L. Menviel, 2010: Mechanisms for the onset of the African Humid Period and Sahara Greening 14.5-11 ka BP. J. Climate, 23, 2612-2633. doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI3217.1.
Timmermann, A., J. Knies, O. Elison Timm, A. Abe-Ouchi, and T. Friedrich, 2010: Promotion of glacial ice-sheet buildup 60-115 kyr B.P. by precessionally paced Northern Hemispheric meltwater pulses. Paleoceanography, 25, PA4208, doi: 10.129/2010PA001933.
Timmermann, A., S. McGregor, and F.-F. Jin, 2010: Wind Effects on Past and Future Regional Sea Level Trends in the Southern Indo-Pacific. J. Climate, 23, 4429-4437, doi: 10.1175/2010JCLI3519.1.
Timmermann, A., L. Menviel, Y. Okumura, A. Schilla, U. Merkel, O. Timm, A. Hu, B. Otto-Bliesner, and M. Schulz, 2010: Towards a quantitative understanding of millennial-scale Antarctic Warming events. Quaternary Science Reviews, 29, 74-85.
Uchikawa, J., B.N. Popp, J.E. Schoonmaker, A. Timmermann, and S.J. Lorenz, 2010: Geochemical and climate modeling evidence for Holocene aridification in Hawaii: Dynamic response to a weakening equatorial cold tongue. Quaternary Science Reviews, 29, 3057-3066.

2009

Friedrich, T., A. Timmermann, L. Menviel, O. Timm, A. Mouchet, and D.M. Roche, 2009: Orbital modulation of millennial-scale climate variability in an earth system model of intermediate complexity. Clim. Past Discuss., 5, 2019-2051.
Ham, Y.-G. J.-S. Kug, I.-S. Kang, and A. Timmermann, 2009: Impact of diurnal atmosphere-ocean coupling on tropical climate in a coupled GCM. Clim. Dyn., 34 (60), 905-917, DOI: 10.1007/s00382-009-0586-8.
Loeptien, U., C. Eden, A. Timmermann, and H. Dietze, 2009: Effects of biologically induced differential heating in an eddy-permitting coupled ocean-ecosystem model. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, doi:10.1029/2008JC004936.
McGregor, S. A. Timmermann, and O. Timm, 2009: A Unified Proxy for ENSO variability since 1650. Climate of the Past Discussions, 5, 2177-2222.
Okumura, Y, C. Deser, A. Hu, A. Timmermann, S.-P. Xie, 2009: North Pacific Climate Response to Freshwater Forcing in the Subarctic North Atlantic: Oceanic and Atmospheric Pathways, J. Climate, 22, 1424-1445.
Stott, L., J. Southon, A. Timmermann, and A. Koutavas, 2009: Radiocarbon age anomaly at intermediate water depth in the Pacific Ocean during the last deglaciation. Paleoceanography, 24, PA2223, doi: 10.1029/2008PA001690.
Timmermann, A., and L. Menviel, 2009: What drives Climate Flip-Flops? Science, 325, 273-274, DOI:10.1126/science.1177159.
Timmermann, A., O. Timm and L. Stott, and L. Menviel, 2009, The roles of CO2 and orbital forcing in driving southern hemispheric temperature variations during the last 21,000 years J. Climate, 22, 1626-1640.

2008

Kienast, M, M. Lehmann, A. Timmermann, E. Galbraith, T. Bolliet, A. Holbourn, C. Normandeau, and C. Laj, 2008: A mid-Holocene transition in the nitrogen dynamics of the Western Equatorial Pacific: Evidence of a deepening thermocline? Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L23610, doi:10.1029/2008GL035464.
Menviel, L., A. Timmermann, A. Mouchet, and O. Timm, 2008: Climate and marine carbon cycle response to changes in the strength of the southern hemispheric westerlies. Paleoceanography, 23, PA4201, doi:10.1029/2008PA001604.
Timm, O., A. Timmermann, A. Abe-Ouchi, and T. Segawa, 2007: On the definition of paleo-seasons in transient climate simulations. Paleoceanography, 23, PA2221, doi:10.1029/2007PA001461.
Pahnke, K. J. Sachs, L. Keigwin, A. Timmermann, and S.-P. Xie, 2007: Eastern tropical Pacific hydrological changes during the past 27,000 years from D/H ratios in alkenones. Paleoceanography, 22, PA4214, doi:10.1029/2007PA001468.
Xie, S.-P., Y. Okumura, T. Miyama, and A. Timmermann, 2008: Influences of Atlantic climate change on the tropical Pacific via the Central American Isthmus. J. Climate, 21, 3914-3928.
Menviel, L., A. Timmermann, A. Mouchet, and O. Timm, 2008: Meridional reorganizations of marine and terrestrial productivity during glacial Heinrich events. Paleoceanography, 23, PA1203, doi:10.1029/2007PA001445.

2007

Stocker, T.F., A. Timmermann. M. Renold, and O. Timm, 2007: Effects of salt compensation on the climate model response in simulations of large changes of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. J. Climate, 20, 5912-5928.
Lamy, F., J. Kaiser, H. Arz, U. Ninnemann, O. Timm, A. Timmermann, and D. Hebbeln, 2007: Modulation of the bipolar seesaw in the Southeast Pacific during Termination 1. Earth Planetary Science Lett., 259, 400-413.
Stott, L. A. Timmermann, and R. Thunell, 2007: Southern Hemisphere and Deep Sea Warming led deglacial Atmospheric CO2 rise and Tropical Warming. Science, DOI: 10.1126/science.1143791.
Krebs, U., and A. Timmermann, 2007: Tropical air-sea interactions accelerate the recovery of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation after a major shutdown. J. Climate, 20, 4940-4956.
Timmermann, A., Y. Okumura, S.-I. An, A. Clement, B. Dong, E. Guilyardi, A. Hu, J. Jungclaus, U. Krebs, M. Renold, T.F. Stocker, R.J. Stouffer, R. Sutton, S.-P. Xie, and J. Yin, 2007: The influence of a weakening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation on ENSO. J. Climate, 20, 4899-4919.
Jin, F.-F., L. Lin, A. Timmermann, and J. Zhao, 2007: Ensemble-mean dynamics of the ENSO Recharge Oscillator under state-dependent stochastic forcing. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L03807, doi:10.1029/2006GL027372.
Timm, O., and A. Timmermann, 2007: Simulation of the last 21,000 years using accelerated transient boundary conditions. J. Climate, 20, 4377-4401.
Timmermann, A., and S. Lorenz, S.I. An, A. Clement, and S.-P. Xie, 2006: The effect of orbital forcing on the mean climate and variability of the tropical Pacific. J. Climate, 20, 4147-4159.
Krebs, U., A. Timmermann, 2007: Fast advective recovery of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation after a Heinrich event, Paleoceanography, 22, No. 1, PA1220,10.1029/2005PA001259.

2006

An, S.-I., J.S. Kug, A. Timmermann, and I.S. Kang, 2006: The influence of ENSO on the generation of decadal variability in the North Pacific. J. Climate, 20, 667-680.
Goosse, H., O. Arzel, J, Luterbacher, M. E. Mann, H. Renssen, N. Riedwyl, A. Timmermann, E. Xoplaki, and H. Wanner, 2006: The Origin of the "European Medieval Warm Period". Climate of the Past, 2, 99-113.
Goosse, H., H. Renssen, A. Timmermann, R.S. Bradley, and M.E. Mann, 2006: Using paleoclimate proxy-data to select an optimal realisation in an ensemble of simulations of the climate of the past millennium. Climate Dynamics, DOI 10.1007/s00382-006-0128-6.
Justino, F., A. Timmermann, U. Merkel, and R.W. Peltier, 2006: An initial intercomparison of atmospheric and oceanic climatology for the ICE-5G and ICE-4G models of LGM paleotopography. J. Climate, 19, 3-14.

2005

Reuning, L., J. Rejmer, C. Betzler, A. Timmermann, S. Steph 2005: Sub-Milankovitch cycles in periplatform carbonates from the early Pliocene Great Bahama Bank. Paleoceanography, PA 1017, doi: 10.1029/2004PA001075.
Timmermann, A., S.-I. An, U. Krebs, and H. Goosse 2005: ENSO suppression due to weakening of the North Atlantic thermohaline circulation. J. Climate 18, 3122-3139.
Timmermann, A. U. Krebs, F. Justino, H. Goosse, T. Ivanochko, 2005: Mechanisms for millennial-scale global synchronization during the last glacial period. Paleoceanography, 20 (4), PA4008, doi: 10.1029/2004PA00109.
Justino, F., and A. Timmermann 2005: Synoptic Reorganization of large-scale atmospheric flow during the Last Glacial Maximum. J. Climate 18, 2826-2846.
Goosse, H., H. Renssen, A. Timmermann, and R. Bradley 2005: Natural and forced climate variability during the last millennium: implications for model-data comparison. Quaternary Science Reviews, 24, 1345-1360.

2004

Schulz, M., A. Paul, and A. Timmermann 2004: Glacial-Interglacial Contrast in Climate Variability at Centennial-to-Millennial Timescales: Observations and Conceptual Model. Quaternary Science Reviews, 23, 2219-2230.
Abshagen, J., and A. Timmermann 2004: An Organizing Center for Thermohaline Excitability. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 34, 2756-2760.
An, S.-I., A. Timmermann, L. Bejarano, F.-F. Jin, F. Justino. Z. Liu, and S. Tudhope(2004): ENSO dynamics during the Last Glacial Maximum. Paleocanography, 19, PA4009, doi:10.1029/2004PA001020.
Marzeion, B., A. Timmermann, R. Murtugudde, and F.-F. Jin 2004: Bio-physical feedbacks in the tropical Pacific. J. Climate, 18, 58-70.
Timmermann, A., F.B. Justino, F.-F. Jin, and H. Goosse 2004: Surface temperature control in the North and tropical Pacific during the last glacial maximum. Clim. Dyn., 23, 353-370.
Gamez, A.J., C.S. Zhou, A. Timmermann, and J. Kurths 2004: Nonlinear dimensionality reduction in climate data. Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, 11, 393-398.
Eden, C., and A. Timmermann, 2004: The influence of the Galapagos Islands on tropical temperatures, currents and the generation of tropical instability waves. Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 10.120/2004GL200600.
Knutti, R., J. Flueckiger, T.F. Stocker, and A. Timmermann, 2004: Strong hemispheric coupling of glacial climate through continental freshwater discharge and ocean circulation. Nature, 430, 851-856.
Timmermann, A., and H. Goosse, 2004: Is the wind-stress forcing essential for the meridional overturning circulation? Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L04303, doi: 10.1029/2003GL01877.
Timmermann, A., F.-F. Jin, and M. Collins, 2004: Intensification of the annual cycle in the tropical Pacific due to Greenhouse Warming. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L12208, doi: 10.1029/2004GL019442.
Jin, F.-F., S.I. An, A. Timmermann, and X. Zhang, 2003: Strong El Nino events and nonlinear dynamical heating. Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, doi:10.1029/2002GL016356.

2003

Miller, A.J., M.A. Alexander, G.J. Boer, F. Chai, K. Denman, D.J. Erickson, R. Frouin, A.J. Gabric, E.A. Laws, M.R. Lewis, Z. Liu, R. Murtugudde, S. Nakamoto, D.J. Neilson, J.R. Norris, J.C. Ohlmann, R.I. Perry, N. Schneider, K.M. Shell, and A. Timmermann, 2003: Potential feedbacks between Pacific Ocean ecosystems and interdecadal climate variations. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 84, 617-633.
Timmermann, A., 2003: Decadal ENSO Amplitude Modulations: A Nonlinear Mechanism. Global Planet. Changes, 135-156.
Timmermann, A., and F.-F. Jin, 2003: A Nonlinear Theory for El Nino Bursting. J. Atmos. Sci., 60, 152-165.
Timmermann, A., M. Schulz, H. Gildor, and E. Tziperman, 2003: Coherent Resonant millennial-scale climate transitions triggered by massive meltwater pulses. J. Climate, 16 (15), 2569-2585.

2002

Pasmanter, R., and A. Timmermann, 2002: Cyclic Markov Chains with an Application to an intermediate ENSO model. Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, 10, 197-210.
Schulz, M., A. Timmermann, and A. Paul, 2002: Relaxation oscillators in concert: A conceptual framework for late Pleistocene millennial-scale climate variability. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 2193, doi: 10.1029/2002GL016144.
Timmermann, A., and F.-F. Jin, 2002: A Nonlinear Mechanism for Decadal El Nino Amplitude Changes. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 10.1029/2001GL013369.
Timmermann, A., and F.-F. Jin, 2002: Phytoplankton influences on tropical climate. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, doi: 10.10129/2002GL15434.

2001

Monahan, A.H., A. Timmermann, and G. Lohmann, 2001: Comments on "Noise-Induced Transitions in a simplified model of the thermohaline circulation." J. Phys. Oceanogr., 32, 1112-1116.
Timmermann, A., 2001: Changes of ENSO stability due to Greenhouse Warming. Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2064-2066.
Timmermann, A., H. Voss, and R. Pasmanter, 2001: Empirical Dynamical System Modeling of ENSO using Nonlinear Inverse Techniques. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 31, 1579-1598.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., H. Hoegh-Guldberg, D.K. Stout, H. Cesar, and A. Timmermann, 2000: Pacific in Peril: Biological, Economic and Social Impacts of Climate Change on Pacific Coral Reefs. Greenpeace report. ISBN 1876221100.

1994-1999

Groetzner, A., M. Latif, A. Timmermann, and R. Voss, 1999: Interannual to Decadal Predictability in a Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere General Circulation Model. J. Climate, 12, 2607-2624.
Timmermann, A., 1999: Detecting the Nonstationary Response of ENSO to Greenhouse Warming. J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 2313-2325.
Timmermann, A., and M. Latif, 1999: Modes of Climate Variability as simulated by the coupled atmosphere-ocean model ECHAM3/LSG, Part I: ENSO-like climate variability. Clim. Dyn., 15, 605-618.
Timmermann, A., M. Latif, A. Bacher, J. Oberhuber, and E. Roeckner, 1999: Increased El Nino frequency in a climate model forced by future greenhouse warming. Nature, 398, 694-696.
Timmermann, A., and G. Lohmann, 1999: Noise-Induced Transitions in a simplified model of the thermohaline circulation. J. Phys. Oceanogr., 30, 1891-1900.
Timmermann, A., M. Latif , R.Voss, and A. Groetzner, 1998: Northern Hemispheric Interdecadal Variability: A coupled Air-Sea Mode. J. Climate, 11, 1906-1931.
Arbex, N., M. Pluemer, U. Ornik, A. Timmermann, and R.M. Weiner, 1995: Thermal photon production in heavy ion collisions. Phys. Lett., B345, 307-312.
Timmermann, A., M. Pluemer, L.V. Razumov, and R.M. Weiner, 1994: Photon Interferometry of quark-gluon dynamics reexamined. Phys.Review, C50 (6), 3060.